Unit (
7 ) " Building and engineering "
1- Vocabulary
|
works of engineering
|
أعمال هندسية
|
continue
for
|
يستمر
لمده
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
study
engineering
|
يدرس
الهندسه
|
weigh
- weight
|
يزن
– وزن
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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commuter
|
راكب اعتاد السفر – مسافر
|
save
money
|
يوفر
مالا
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
diameter
|
قطر
دائرة
|
flood
|
يفيض
- فيضان
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
investment
|
استثمار
|
attackers
= raiders
|
المهاجمين - المغيرين
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
massive
|
ضخم
– هائل - كبير
|
climb
over
|
يتسلق
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
the
underground train = metro
|
مترو الأنفاق
|
get
to = reach = arrive in \ at
|
يصل
الى
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
metro
line
|
خط المترو
|
site
|
موقع
به مبانى
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
the
underground system
|
نظام
مترو الأنفاق
|
in
common
|
عام
– مشترك
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
travel
on the underground
|
يسافر
بالمترو
|
whether….or
|
سواء ......
أو
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
tunnel
(n-v) ( under the Nile)
|
نفق – يعمل نفق
|
deduce
\ deduction
|
يستنتج
\ استنتاج
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
compare
|
يقرن
|
the
Middle East
|
الشرق
الأوسط
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
even
if
|
حتى لو ( للتحدى)
|
cost
/cost /cost
|
يكلف
– تكلفه
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
feel
proud of
|
يشعر
بفخر بـ
|
shape
|
شكل – يشكل
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
base
|
قاعده – اساس
|
shine
|
يشرق
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
carve
(into)
|
ينحت
فى
|
event
|
حدث
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
cliff
|
منحدر صخرى
|
statues
|
تماثيل
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
illuminate
|
يضيئ
– ينير
|
attack
|
يهاجم
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
monuments
= remains = antiquities
|
اثار
|
fantastic
|
رائع
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Position
= put\ position
|
يضع
\ وضع - مكانه
|
enemies
|
أعداء
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
rays
= beam
|
اشعه
- شعاع
|
difficulties
|
صعوبات
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
unthinkable
|
لايمكن
تخيل
|
amazing
|
مدهش
( أشياء)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
historical monuments
|
آثارتاريخية
|
stone
|
حجر
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
sound like
|
يبدو وكأنه
|
ton
|
طن
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
reach a length of
|
يصل طوله الى
|
the
Great wall
|
الحائط
العظيم
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
make a plan
|
يضع خطة
|
mud
brick
|
الطوب
الأخضر
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
raise/
d/d = lift
|
يرفع
|
in the north of = northern
|
شمال
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
rise
/rose/risen (rising مشرق)
|
يسطع-
يشرق
|
v to be + complete
|
تم
تنفيذه - اكتمل
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
structure
/ structural
|
مبنى
\ معمارى
|
extend
|
يمد(اقامه)–
يمتد( للمسافات)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
withstand
|
يتحمل
– يصمد - يحتمل
|
expand
|
يوسع
(للمشاريع) – يتمدد (للمعادن)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
steep
|
ينحدر
|
ride
(on a horse )
|
يركب
(حصان)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
lift
|
يرفع-
مصعد
|
curve
|
منحنى
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
emperor
|
امبراطور
|
northern
China
|
الصين
الشماليه
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
a
combination of
|
اتحاد
كل من – تفاعل(مزيج) من
|
concrete
( base)
|
خرسانيه
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
drilling
machine
|
أله
حفر
|
re-open
|
يعيد
افتتاح
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
to
be + attractive to شخص
|
تكون
جذابه لـ
|
submerge
|
يغطس–
يغرق تحت المياه
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
keep …out
= prevent …from
|
يبعد – يمنع
|
eventually
|
فى
النهايه - أخيرا
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2- Some definitions
|
ü base
|
a low hard surface
on which other things can be built or
the lowest part of
surface of something.
|
قاعده-
أساس
|
|
ü carve
|
to cut something ,
especially stone or wood , into a particular shape.
|
ينحت
|
|
ü cliff
|
a high steep rock or piece of land
|
منحدر
صخرى
|
|
ü illuminate
|
to make light shine
on something
|
يضيئ –
ينير
|
|
ü monument
|
a large structure
that is built to remind people of an important event or famous person.
|
اثر
تاريخى
|
|
ü positioned
|
put something or
someone in a place.
|
وضع فى
مكان
|
|
ü raise
|
to move or lift
something to a higher position
|
يرفع
|
|
ü rays
|
narrow beams of
light or energy from the sun.
|
اشعه
|
|
ü unthinkable
|
impossible to
imagine or accept.
|
لايمكن
تخيل
|
3 - Language Notes:
Notes Examples
|
1-lose (get lost ( يضل الطريق يفقد شيء
miss يفتقد شخص / وسيلة مواصلات \ حصه
|
-I lost my book yesterday./ he lost his life
- I miss my uncle very much./I missed the bus.
|
|
2- site موقع به
مبانى ومهم
locationموقع ليس به مبانى
|
-Abu Simbel is the site of two temples.
-The
radar shows the location of ships in the sea
|
|
3- work عمل (
اسم كمى لايجمع)
worksاعمال هندسيه \ ادبيه \ فنيه ( تجمع)
|
-I am busy now as I have a lot of work to do .
-Egypt
has many amazing works of engineering
|
|
4-sink = submerge يغطس – يغرق للأشياء
drown
/ed/ed ( يغرق (عادة للأشخاص
|
- Abu Simbel was rescued from being submerged
- He
drowned during swimming in the sea .
|
|
يرتفع (لايليها مفعول5- rise /rose / risen (
يرفع- يربى- يتبرع(بعدها مفعول)raise / ed
/ed
ariseينشأ عن -
ينتج عن *
arouse يثير
|
- The
sun rises and illuminates the statues .
-
These were raised over 60 metres up the cliff.
- Many
problems arise from over population.
|
|
● historical - ( شيء متعلق بدراسة
التاريخ)(monuments, places, sites, films,
plays, characters,
customs /
weapons/character/ figure / novel
/discovery /adventure/ society/ research/
document/film/
book/ background/context/records/importance/sights)
● Historic (event/war/meeting/moment/building
/occasion/decision/day/visit/ treaty
victory
/interest/times/battle)
● It is + صفة enough for + مفعول + to + مصدر
ðIt is
easy enough for Ahmad to answer the exam.
● BC قبل الميلاد ( التاريخ يأتى قبلها ) ● AD ( التاريخ
يأتى بعدها بعد الميلاد
(
ð The
temple was built in about 1250 BC.
ðIt was
demolished in about AD 300.
- معلومة لتأكيد الصفة في الدرجة الثانية ممكن أن نضع (a lot/much/a bit/ a few ) قبل الصفة
ð The Cairo
underground is a lot newer than the London system .
● whether .. or notسواء\
إذا ..... أو لا ð You can choose whether to do this job or
not
● أشياءv to be +
attractive to
أشخاص ●
أشخاصv to be + attracted to أشياء
ð We
should make Cairo more attractive to business people and tourists .
●
extend = stretch ( يمتد(للمسافات) – يمد( للإقامة ● expand يتمدد(
للمعادن)– يوسع (للمشاريع والعمل)
|
|
4 -A) Useful phrases and expressions from unit (
7 )
|
ü
amazing works of engineering
ü
Abu Simbel is the site of two
temples
ü
were carved into a cliff
ü
the rays of the rising sun illuminate
the statues of Ptah,
ü
It was unthinkable that
ü
Plans were made to rescue it.
ü
massive statues were cut into
pieces
ü
were raised over 60 m up the
cliff
ü
attached to a concrete base.
|
ü
the work took thousands of
workers more than three years to complete.
ü
the temples were re-opened in
1968,
ü
combination of ancient
and modern
ü
decided to keep the attacks out
ü
work on the Great Wall of
China
ü
the wall reached a length of 6400
km.
ü
It is the longest structure
ever built
ü
ride along on horses
ü
stop attackers from
climbing over the wall.
|
B) prepositions
|
travel
on the underground
|
يسافر بالمترو
|
on horses /
on camels
|
على ظهر الحصان \ الجمال
|
|||||||
|
cut into pieces
|
يقطع لاجزاء
|
work
on the Great Wall of
|
يعمل فى الحائط العظيم
|
|||||||
|
carve into ( a cliff)
|
ينحت
فى
|
in the north of = northern
|
شمال
|
|||||||
|
keep …out=prevent
…from
|
يبعد – يمنع
|
reach a length of
|
يصل طوله الى
|
|||||||
|
attach to = fix to
|
يثبت فى
|
|
|
|||||||
5) Some verbs can go with some nouns
|
engineering
|
ü Study
|
a length of
|
ü reach
|
|
a Project, the Great Wall
|
ü work on
|
a plan
|
ü make
|
6 A)
functions :What you say when you make deduction……………….
1
– I think they must have…………….. المواقف على شكل استنتاج:
2
– Surely they can't have ……………
3
– I am sure they can't have………….
4
– Well , they might have……………
7 -Grammar unit (7 ) " "
ِA) ""
" القائم على دليل Deduction الاستنتاج"
Present المضارع |
Past الماضي
|
|
can’t be اسم\ صفه ليس من المؤكد
could ( not) be اسم\
صفه
|
تنفى
بـ must have + P.P لأي فعل
could ( not ) have + P. لأي فعل
|
B ) " probability الأحتمال "
|
Degree الدرجة
|
Presentالمضارع
|
Pastالماضي
|
|
not
sure / perhaps
|
may مصدر
|
may
have + P.P
|
|
It’s
very unsure\probably/possible/likely
|
might مصدر
|
might
have + P.P
|
·
John is probably Italian. He might be
Italian.
·
He doesn’t get the same train any
more. He may have changed his job .
·
I haven’t seen Mona for ages. She
might have moved. (= Perhaps she moved.))
·
He passed his driving test , this must
have made him very happy.
·
He doesn't speak Arabic, he can't be
Egyptian.
·
He might have gone abroad, it is
possible.
·
Ali didn't attend the meeting, he can't
have read e-mail.
·
I am not sure , He may/might have rung
yesterday.
- ملحوظه : نستخدم (could have + p.p ) للتعبير عن الاحتمال في الماضي وكذلك ان الشيء كان ممكن أن يحدث ولكنه لم يحدث . و نستخدم ( couldn't have + p. للتعبير عن استحالة حدوث الشيء في الماضي
- He could have taken my car, but he preferred to go by bus.
- Ayman was abroad, he couldn't have killed the man.
- He couldn't have written the letter, he is illiterate.
8- Exercises based on the unit (7 )
1) What do you say when?
1 – You offer to help your brother in carrying the bag.
2 – You are bought a new mobile by your father.
3 – You are asked about some amazing works of
engineering.
4 – Someone asks you about the length of the Great wall
of China.
2) Say where these take place who the
speakers are :
1- A : May I have my hair cut?
B : Yes, you are welcome.
A : I would like to cut it short.
B : Ok . Sir.
2 - A
: Can I help you madam?
B : Two kilos of potatoes , please.
A : It is three pounds.
3) A) Choose the correct answer based on the
vocabulary:.
1 – My father studied -----------at university and has
designed many important bridges.
a – engineer
b – engineering c –
engineered d – engineers
2 – Education is a / an ---------- in the future of a
country and its people.
a – investment
b – wish c –
hope d – fun
3 – The Great wall of China was a/an --------- project
which took years.
a – investment
b – massive c –
royal d – tiny
4 – The tunnel has a ------------------ of 7.6 meters.
a – size
b – diameter c –
wide d – long
5 – He works in engineering as he is a / an
-------------------
a – engineer
b – farmer c –
detective d – lawyer
6 – The verb of " commuter " is
-------------------------------
a – compute
b – comment c –
communicate d – commute
7 – The quickest way to get to the city centre is to
--------- an underground train .
a – buy
b – sell c –
take d – come
8 – A journey on the underground ------- one pound.
a – pays
b – costs c –
gives d – repay
9 – People can --------- money by travelling on the
underground.
a – steal
b – save c – keep d – take
10 – The first line of the Paris Metro system -----------
in 1900.
a – opened
b – played c –
moved d – painted
11 - -------- is a large structure that is built to
remind us of an important event or a famous person.
a – cliff
b – base c –
monument d – raise
12 – To --------- means to make light shine on something.
a – carve
b – raise c –
illuminate d - cut
13 - to move or lift something to a higher position means
------------
a – raise
b – cut c –
illuminate d – buy
14 – To carve is to cut stone or wood into a particular
--------------
a – shade
b – shadow c –
shallow d – shape
15 – The ---------------- carved the sculpture from a
massive piece of stone.
a – artist
b – actor c –
director d – player
16 – If you want to ask a question , you should
----------- your hand.
a – rise
b – raise c –
cut d – wash
17 – The conquest was in ----------------------------
a – 133 AD
b – 133 BC c - BC 133 d – 133 AB
18 – It was ---------------- , we can't believe or accept
it.
a – think
b – thinkable c –
unthinkable d – rethink
19 – The temples are an amazing ----------- of ancient
and modern engineering.
a – combination
b – unit c –
mixture d – control
20 – The Wall
--------------- a length of 6400 km.
a – arrived
b – reached c – got
on d – came
21 - --------------- are responsible for protecting their
countries.
a – actors
b – soldiers c –
queens d – toddlers
22 – They ---------- their train so they had to wait.
a – lost
b – missed c –
took d – damaged
23 – She ------------- her husband so much because of his
death.
a – missed
b – lost c –
enjoyed d – hated
24 – The Cairo Metro is the only underground railway
--------- in the Middle East.
a – method
b – operation c –
experiment d – system
25 – Part of The metro runs in a ---------- under the Nile.
a – channel
b – hole c –
tunnel d – funnel
B) Choose the correct answer based on the grammar:
1 – I don't know where my bag is , mum - You ----- have left it on the train.
a – might b – can't c – should d – can
2 – Hesham didn't take his keys , he --------- have seen
them .
a – must b – can c – can't d – may
3 – I have just seen Ali at the club .He ----------- be at home.
a – must b – can't c – may d – mustn't
4 – This is not Ayman's house . You ------- be mistaken.
a – can't
b – must c –
may d – might
5 – I wonder why he didn't wave back to me. He
------- seen me.
a – must have
b – can't have c – may
have d – might have
6 – They have just told him of his success . He
------------- be sad.
a – may b – might c – must d – can't
7 – I am not sure what my son is doing. he -------be
watching TV .
a – must
b – may c –
might d – can't
8 – It is moving by itself. It --------------- be a rock.
a – must
b – may c –
might d – can't
9 – You -------------- my mobile . I didn't mind at all.
a – may use
b – must use c – can't have
used d – could have used
10 – He is smiling , he ------be happy.
a – must
b – may c –
might d – can't
11 – I don't know the reason for his sadness. He
---------- some bad news.
a – must have heard b – may have heard
c – could hear d – can't
have heard
12 – The man ------------------- by the thief, I am sure.
a – must have killed b – must have been
killed
c – might have killed d – may have killed
13 – The criminal ----------- have escaped through that
well-locked door.
a – could b – couldn't c – must d – may
14 – That restaurant --------- be very good , it is
always full of people.
a – must b – may c – might d – can't
15 – I have lost one of my gloves, I must -------- it
somewhere.
a – drop
b – have dropped c –
dropping d – drops
16 - He
----------- because I was at home all day.
a – must telephone b – can't telephone
c – must have telephoned d – can't have telephoned
4-A) Find one mistake and correct it in every
sentence based on new structures:
1 – I am sure he might be
an engineer.
2 – He must has had an accident
3 – He has a lot of money , he can't be rich.
4 – The telephone rang , but I didn't hear it , I cant
have been asleep.
5 – It is possible , he must have taken the book.
6 – I am sure , he must been intelligent
B) Find one mistake and correct it in every
sentence based on new vocabulary :
1– We are proud of he won the prize.
2 – Abu Simbel is the sign of two temples.
3 – The temples were curved into a cliff.
4 – They do a plan to rescue the monuments.
5 – A jockey is riding in the horse.
6 – It is width enough for them to move.
5- A: Translate into Arabic:
1-The Cairo metro is a wonderful work of engineering. It
is the only underground railway in Africa and the Middle East. It carries
75,000 passengers an hour.
2-The Great Wall of China was built according to the
emperor's orders. It was built to protect China from the attackers . It is
regarded as the longest graveyard in history.
B : Translate into English:
1 - يعتبر مترو الأنفاق
واحدا من أعظم الانجازات الهندسية ،وهو يساهم مساهمة عظيمة في حل مشكلة
المواصلات فى القاهرة الكبرى
2- يملك
مصر الكثير من الآثار التاريخية مثل المعابد والمسلات .
3 – يعتبر
انقاذ معابد أبو سمبل عمل هندسي عظيم .
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