Unit 6 3rd Year

Unit 6 : "The importance of the tree"

1- Vocabulary

the bark (hard outside)

لحاء الشجرة – قشرة خارجية

the climate

المناخ لفترة طويلة

outer layer ( cover)

قشرة خارجية \ طبقة مغطاة

the weather

الطقس لفترة قصيرة

branch

فرع شجرة

do (cause) damage to

يسبب تلف لـ

fruit

ثمرة – فاكهة

v be +badly damaged

تتلف بطريقة سيئة

leaves

أوراق الشجرة

furniture

أثاث

rings (annual-new wood)

حلقات سنوية  للشجرة

sports equipment

معدات رياضية

roots (under ground -find water)

جذور الشجرة

annual rings

حلقات السنوية

cardboard(boxes-cover of books)

ورق كرتون

clean the teeth

ينظف أسنان

instrument ( a piano)

أداة – اله

brush

ينظف بالفر شاء – فرشة أسنان

products

منتجات

tubes

أنابيب

rubber (make tyres-shoes)

مطاط

mix

يخلط

sap ( liquid carries food)

عصارة الخشب

sandstorm

عاصفة رملية

toothpaste (clean the teeth)

معجون أسنان

heat

يسخن - حرارة

turpentine(remove paint)

زيت تنظيف بقع الدهان

freeze

يجمد - يتجمد

calculate the age of

يحسب عمر الإنسان

in addition to

بالإضافة إلى

harden

ينشف – يجعله صلب

valuable chemicals

مواد كيميائية ذو قيمة

take in light

يمتص الضوء

materials (raw)

مواد (خام)

a very stiff thick paper

ورق قوى وسميك

manage toمصدر

يتمكن بصعوبة

make شيئ    out of  شيئ

يصنع...... من

fertilizer

سماد

the same +  اسم(width)

نفس  ( الأتساع )

make sure

يتأكد

keep  شيئaway

يبعد شيئ عن

cells

خلايا

what the weather is like

ماهو حال الجو

tie the tree to

يربط الشجرة فى

a piano or violin

البيانو – الة الكمان

a wooden stick (stake)

عصا خشبية

musical sounds.

اصوات موسيقية

a hammer

مطرقة – شاكوش

strong – smelling

رائحة قوية

next to

بجوار – بجانب

tires

إطارات السيارات – كاوتش سيارات

gloves

جاونت – قفاز

musical instrument

أداة موسيقية

count up

يعد تصاعدى

remove paint

يزيل بقع الدهان

remover

مزيل – منظف

at this point/ time

فى تلك اللحظة

ice cream

ايس كريم

It is a good ( idea) thought to

انها فكرة جيدة

extra

زيادة – اضافى

extract

يستخرج

nuts

مكسرات - بندق

breathe / breath

يتنفس – يستنشق  \ النفس

seeds

بزور

recharge a mobile phone

يعيد شحن المحمول

killالمفعول by + v +ing

يقتل بواسطة

press the soil down

يضغط على التربة أسفل

drill into (the tree)

يحفر فى (الشجرة)

along the side of the street

بمحاذاة \ طوال الشارع

on farms

فى المزارع

global warming

الاحتباس الحراري

a dry year ( narrower)

عام جاف

borer

جهاز يحفر به فى الشجر يقيس عمر الشجر

drought

جفاف

instructions

تعليمات - إرشادات

close together

معا على نحو متصل

2- Some definitions

The bark	the hard outside part of the tree which protects it.	قشرة- لحاء
Branch	It grows on a tree and has leaves on it.	فرع شجرة
Fruit	It grows on a plant or a tree and has seeds inside.	ثمرة - فاكهة
Leaves	the flat green parts at the end of the branches of a tree.	أوراق شجر
Annual Rings	a circle of soft cells form new wood every year.	حلقات سنوية
Roots	the parts of the tree grow under the ground and find water	جذور شجرة
cardboard	a very stiff thick paper used especially for making boxes.	ورق كارتون
products	things that are made or grown to be sold.	منتجات
rubber	a substance used for making tires , boots , etc.	مطاط
sap	the liquid that carries food through plants and trees.	عصارة النبات
toothpaste	substance used for cleaning your teeth.	معجون أسنان
turpentine	a strong – smelling liquid used for removing paint.	زيت تربن تين
instrument	thing like a piano or violin used for producing musical sounds	أداة – آلة
tubes	carry water from the roots to the leaves	أنابيب

3 - Language Notes:

                              Notes                                                         Examples

1- another (- اسم مفرد six weeks) ( آخر( للأرقام §  the other (فعل مفرد - اسم مفرد مشار إليه)    الآخر §  other (+ اسم جمع ) §  others + فعل جمع       §  each other   كل منهما الأخر ( اثنين ) §   one another  - كل منهم الأخر (أكثر من اثنين )	- I will extend my stay for another 4 months. - I bought another book ( other books ) . - I saw 2 cats .One is red but the other is black - Some students are good but others are bad . - The 2 men fought each other. - The 3 men fought one another.
2- can / could = ( be ) able to +  يستطيع   مصدر = ( be ) + capable of + ing يكون قادرعلى    = manage to +  مصدر= succeed in + v+ ing	- He could answer the questions easily. = He was able to answer the questions. = He was capable of answering the questions. = He managed to answer the questions. = He succeeded in answering the questions.
3- made of      مصنوع من (المادة المصنع منها الشئ لا تتغبر و نراها) - She bought a bag made of leather. §  made from مصنوع من (المادة المصنع منها الشئ تتغير و لا نراها) - Bread is made from flour. §  made in      مصنوع فى (سنة / مكان)  - This car was made in 2009.  - This car was made in Italy. §  made by مصنوع بواسطة (شخص أو دولة أو شركة)  - This car was made by an Italian car company. 4- شيئ  is\ are + used to +  مصدر /   for + v + ing  ðTurpentine  is used for removing paint §   شيئ  is \ are + used as --- ð Wood is used as a fuel for cooking and heating.
5-     لاحظ : تحويل الصفة إلى اسم أو فعل كالأتي  :                                                                          How + صفه What + اسم verb How + صفه What + اسم verb wide                    width                   widen                  long                     length                 Lengthen High / tall            height                  heighten             deep                    depth                  Deepen hard                    hardness            harden                short                   shortness          shorten sharp                  sharpness         Sharpen             old                       age                      date  - How wide is the hole ? = what width is the hole?
6- as صفه درجة أولى as = the same + اسم لاحظ : عند التساوي تستخدم كل من                        §  Ali is as old as Hany = Ali and Hany are the same age. §  Ali is as tall as Hany = Ali and Hany are the same height.

4- Useful phrases and expressions and prepositions from unit ( 6 )

§  make paper out of wood from trees §  we can use wood as a fuel §  Trees help the earth to breathe §  protect us from global warming §  It has been said that §  in everyday use are made from tree §  The width depends on the climate §  find out what the weather was like §  make شيئ    out of  شيئ    يصنع...... من      §  count up   يعد تصاعدى §  keep … away       يبعد ...عن           §  add … to   يضيف.... إلى §  turn  into   يتحول الى           §  Protect…from     يحمى من §  ice cream is made with             مصنوع مع §  calculate..by counting  تحسب بواسطه  عد

§  added a more serious reason to §  used as painted remover §  made from the sap of trees. §  turned into paper §  surprised to hear that §  manage to do these things §  Goats can kill trees by damaging the bark §  If the bark is badly damaged, the tree dies. §  take in light          يمتص الضوء      §  made from (sap) مصنوع من عصارة الخشب §  drill into (wood - tree)    يحفر فى  §  surprise to مصدر  يندهش أن §  cut down  يقطع (الشجر)      §  types of = kinds of         أنواع من §  tie the tree to       يربط الشجرة فى

5 - functions : Asking for and Giving Instructions إعطاء التعليمات لعمل شيء

Asking for instructions	Giving instructions
- Could you tell me/show me how to… - Would you tell me where ………… - What should I do first…………. - What shall I do …………. - What should I do if ……… - How can I ………….?	- First you should……… - Then you have to ……….. - After that you must ………… - Finally you ought to ………… - It is a good idea to (not to)………… - At this point / then………….

6- Grammar : If Conditionals

Zero conditional           حـالـة الصفـر  ( مـع الحقـائـق )      

If  +  مـضــارع بسـيـط          مـضــارع بسيــط           

If we heat water, it boils.

e.g.: If water freezes, it turns into ice.                   If you freeze water, It turns into ice.

If  + مـضـارع بسـيـط       الأمــر       ( (   فى الأمــر

If my brother comes, please tell me .

If she comes, let her in.

1. The first conditional: الحالة الأولى             If  è present simple   è  will + inf.

If  +  مضــارع بسـيـط     will + المصـــدر

If you study hard, you will get high marks.          If I earn some money, I’ll go abroad.

2. The second conditional: الحالة الثانية       If   è past simple  è   would + inf.

If  + ماضى بسـيـط     would  +  المصــدر

e.g.: If you studied hard, you would succeed.

3. The third conditional: الحالة الثالثة            If    è past perf.    è   would have + p.p.

If + ( had + pp ) ماضى تـام  would have  + pp

e.g.: If you had studied hard, you would have succeeded.

تستخـدم الروابـط الآتيـة بمعنى  If   

as long as / provided (that) / providing / on condition that / in the event that / in case = if

- You can borrow the money as long as / provided that / if you pay it back next week.

- on condition of / in the event of / in case of / with / by + اسم    + v + ing

- You can borrow the money in case of / with / by paying it back next week.

- You can only go into the cinema if you have a ticket.

Unless = if not = except if      

 But for / Without / If it weren't for ( 2 ) / If it hadn't been for ( 3 ) + N / V+ing    

- You will be late for work unless / except if you take a taxi.

- You will be late for work if you don't take a taxi.

- You will be late for work but for / without taking a taxi.

لاحــظ:ـ  إذا كانت  If  مثبتة عنـد استخدام   Unless   ننفى جـواب الشرط وأما إذا كانت منفية  نحذف النفى ولا ننفى جواب الشـرط وذلك فى الحالة الأولى .

You will be late unless you hurry. =  You will be late except if you hurry.

= You will be late if you don't hurry.

لاحــظ :ـ   تحـل   Should   محـل  If  فـى الحالتيـن الأولـى والثانيـة ويليهـا مصــدر بــدون  to.

 Should فـاعـل  +  +  مصــدر    will ( would )  +  المصــــدر

Should I earn some money, I’ll ( would ) go abroad.

تحـل  Were  محــل  If   فـى الحالـة الثانيـة.

 Were +  فـاعـل  +  to  + مصـدر     would  +  المصــدر

Were he to hurry, he would catch the train.

He isn’t tall enough to touch the shelf.                ( If )

If he were tall, he’d touch the shelf.    ( Were )               Were he tall, he’d touch the shelf.

لاحـــظ  :ـ  استخـــدام    were  مــع كـل الضمـائـر فـى حـالـة الاستحـالـة.

If I were a doctor, I would be rich

لاحـــظ  :ـ  تحـــل  Had   محـــل   If    فـى الحــالــة الثـانيـة ويليـهـا اســم وهى هنا فعل رئيسى  .

 Had +  فاعل   + تكملة  è would  +  المصــدر

He doesn’t have a map, so he may get lost

If he had a map, he wouldn’t get lost.      = Had he a map, he wouldn’t get lost.

لاحــظ  :ـ  تحــل   Had   محــل  If   فـى الحـالـة الثـالثـة ويليهـا  الفاعل ثم التصـريـف الثالـث .

 Had +  فاعل  +  p.p.  + تكملة  è would have  +  المصــدر

They didn’t catch the train because they didn’t hurry.         ( Had )

Had they hurried, they would have caught the train.

لاحـــظ  :ـ  إذا كـانـت الجمـلـة مضــارع نستخــدم الحالـة الثـانيـة مــع حــذف النفـى .

He can’t get high marks because he doesn’t do his best.         (If )

If he did his best, he would (could) get high marks.

لاحـــظ :ـ  تحـــل  (  اســم  +   ( If it were not for   محـــل  ( But for -  without )  فى الحالـة الثانيـة.

If it were not for  +  اســـم     Would   +  المصــدر                                               

But for doctors, People would die.

Without hard study, he would not have got high marks.

لاحــظ  :ـ  إذا كــانـت الجمـلـة مـاضى نستخدم الحـالـة الثـالثـة مـع نفـى الإثبـات وإثبـات النفـى .

He didn’t study hard so he didn’t get high marks.               ( If )

If he had studied hard, he would have got high marks. 

We won October war. We restored Sinai.                              ( If )

If we hadn’t won October war, we wouldn’t have restored Sinai.

لاحــظ :ـ  تحــل  ( اســم  +  If it hadn’t been for  )  محــل  ( But for -  without   ) فى الحالـة الثالثـة.

If it hadn’t been for  +  اســم   Would have  + pp

Without the rescuers’ efforts, a lot of people wouldn’t have survived

If it hadn’t been for rescuers' efforts, A lot people wouldn’t have survived.

    ملاحظات مهمة عند الأختيار:

1- لايأتى بعد   If مباشرة مستقبل ولكن نستخدم  مضارع بسيط واذا لم يوجد نختار مضارع مستمر

Ex If he ( comes - will come - came – had come) tomorrow , I will meet him .

2-يمكن أن يكون الطرف الثاني ( جواب الشرط )  مع if    ( مستقبل- أمر- اقتراح – طلب )

     المصدر* will / can / may / need to +

  أمر ( فعل في المصدر بدون فاعل ) *

                                              ( مضارع بسيط                                                  If (    المصدر* Let's

 Would you mind if ……       ? *

                   , please?                                        ……  المصدر   * Could you

* لاحظ التركيبة الآتية ( للطلب المؤدب)      ......................... مصدر I wonder if you could *

# If you see Ali, ( will give – would give – can give – give)  him my regards.

# If you see a thief, ( call – will call – would call – may call ) the police

# Would you mind if I ( borrow - borrowed- had borrowed - will borrow) a pen?

3- تستخدم كل من ( had better- would like – would prefer- would love )  كمضارع ( حالة أولى)

# I ( will go- would go - had gone - have gone) with you if you would like to .

7- Mini-exam based on unit ( 6 )

1) What do you say when?

1.    Your friend asks you to give him instructions about how to make tea.

2.    You tell your friend the first step to make mahshi.

3.    You ask your friend about the importance of trees.

4.    Your friend asks you what tires are made of.

 2) Say where these take place who the speakers are :

1-A: Not really -we’ve had a lot of training

B: How long will you be in space for?

A: It depends on how serious the problems are.ِ

B: Thank you And good luck with your mission

2 -A : How can I operate this TV?

B : This brochure will show you , sir.

A : Ok , thanks.

3) Choose the correct answer :

1 - ---------------- means the increase in the heat of the Earth.

a – Globalization     b – Nationalization   c – Global warming     d – Immunity

2 – The violin and the lute are both --------------- instruments .

a – music               b – musician             c – musicians             d – musical

3 – They ( a – played, b – made, c – did, d – answered ) the piano and performed well.

4 – He ---------------- to climb the tree with great difficulty.

a –able                  b – managed              c – capable               d – could

5 – We must keep animals ( a – on       b – in       c – up        d  – away ) from young plants.

6 -  Ayman and Samy are the same ( a – old     b – young     c – edge  d – age ).

7 – We use -----------------------to make boxes.

a – cardboard        b – dashboard           c – blackboard         d – board

8 – Tires and boots are made of ( a – rubber   b – oil      c – iron    d – glass ).

9 – You can use --------------- to brush your teeth.

a – toothpaste       b – flour                    c – milk           d – shaving paste

10 – The ----------------- are the parts of the trees that grow underground.

a – leaves              b – nuts                      c – fruits              d – branches

11 – The hard outside part of a tree is called ( a – bark  b – branch  c - fruit  d – roots ).

12 – Every year, Trees grow extra ----------------- of new wood.

a – branches          b – trees                    c – rings                 d – roots

13 – the new trousers are too long , so my mother is going to ----------- it.

a – short               b – shorten                 c – shortens          d – shortening

14 – The liquid that carries food in trees is ( a – sad  b – sat    c – sap   d – soup ).

15 -  The --------------------- is a musical instrument.

a – paint              b – piano                       c – jug                  d – mug

16 – They used ----------------- to remove paint.

a – toothpaste            b – rubber          c – turpentine          d – cardboard

17 – Goats and other animals  can -------- tress by damaging the bark.

a – eat                       b – kill                c – water                 d – freeze

18 – The more rain there is in a year , the -------- the tree rings are.

a – narrower               b – wider            c – taller                 d – shorter

19 – The --------- of the rings depends on the climate and amount of rain.

a – wide                      b – width            c – length               d – age

20 – If the bark is badly damaged , the tree ( a – sleeps b – dies   c – runs   d – walks ).

21 – We can make paper --------- wood from trees.

a – out of                  b – of out            c – down from         d – from down

22 – The bark is like our ( a – hands      b – hearts        c – skin          d – hair ).

23 – We can calculate the age of a tree by counting its -----------

a – leaves                  b – rings               c – nuts                 d – roots

24 – We can make a deep narrow hole by using a --------------

a – borer                   b – telescope        c – microscope       d – map

25 – what was the weather ----------------- yesterday?

a – as                        b – like                 c – likes                 d – hates

26 - ( a – If     b – should  c – were     d – Unless) she arrive early, I would help her.

27 - -----------he played well , he would have won.

a – If                    b – Should                 c – Had                d – Were

28 - -------------- coming early, he would miss the train.

a – If                    b – without                c – unless             d – in case of

29 – What ----------------if you were rich?

a – you will do        b – would you do        c – did you do        d – you did

30 – If I were with them, I ------------------stop the fight.

a – will                 b – may                       c – could              d - can

31 – If it------------------tomorrow, I will go for a walk.

a – doesn't rain    b – won't rain           c – didn't rain     d – hadn't rained

32 - (a – If       b – Unless      c – Without     d – In case of ) danger, call the police.

33 – If we heat metals , they ( a- expanded  b- would expand   c- will not expand  d- expand).

34 – If you meet my father, ------------tell him I am in the club.

a – won't             b – wouldn't              c – don't              d – can't

35 – You will understand the lesson----------------- you listen carefully.

a – unless             b – except if            c – as long as            d – so

36 – If she --------------the newspaper, she would have known.

a – read                b – reads                 c – had read            d – will read

37 – If I (a – am   b – were    c – had been  d – have been) you, I would apologize to her.

38 – If he didn't come , I ----------------- him.

a – would have forgiven        b – won't forgive         c – forgive        d – wouldn't forgive

39 – He will pass the test ----------------he studies hard.

a – except if           b – unless               c – if not                 d – only if

40 – If he arrived early, ----------------catch the metro?

a – he would             b – would he          c – he will               d – will he

41 - ---------------he to help us, we would be saved.

a – If                        b – were                c – had                d – should

4- Find the mistake in every sentence: 

1.  He can buy that expensive car if he had enough money.

2.  I would write to him if I know his address. 

3.  They would have won the match if they had played badly.

4.  She won't have lost her tennis match if she had had enough practice.

5.  If it weren't for my father’s help, I won't pass my exams.

6.  If you heated ice, it melts.

7.  If someone will ring the doorbell, don’t let them in.

8.  If she have enough time, she will visit us. 

9.  If you took an aspirin, your headache may get better.

10. If he is a doctor, he could help you.

11. Without my advice, he will have lost all his money.

12. Had he seen the signal, he wouldn't make that accident.

13. Water will freeze if the temperature is zero or below.

14. If you throw that stone, you break a window.

15. If she trains hard, she wins next week's race.

16. If he arrives early, he will catch the bus.

17. If you will mix red and white, you get pink.

18. If you heat ice, it freeze.

19. If I felt tired, I usually go to bed early.

20. If there hadn't been a doctor on the train, the man would die.

21. If I found any money at school, I'll take it to one of the teachers.

22. I'll tell you if I saw anything unusual.

23. If you haven't taken those photos, I wouldn't have remembered our holiday.

24.  Tubes carry water from the bark to the leaves.

25.  They can exact a very thin piece of wood.

26.  There are many things that are made of trees.

27.  Trees can protect us from local warming.

28.  Sap is used to making rubber.

5- A: Translate into Arabic:

1-The root of the tree has two main functions. First, it transports water and minerals from the ground to the trunk and then to branches and leaves. Second, it holds the tree securely in the ground.

2-The government is trying to solve traffic problems by constructing new roads and flyovers. The numbers of vehicles is increasing every day . Roads are becoming too crowded for drivers to use.(2003 1^st Session)

3- Exercise is a good way to get rid of the stress and frustration of the workplace. Consequently, people who exercise regularly feel better and do not get sick so often. This would benefit the company as a whole. (2003 2^nd Session)

B : Translate into English:

1- نفخر بأن التعليم هو المشروع القومى الأول فى مصر. (ث0ع 2003 دور أول )

2- أحب الذهاب إلى الأوبرا للاستمتاع بالموسيقى الراقية. (ث0ع 2003 دور ثان )

3- يجب أن نقلل من نسبة التلوث البيئي بالتوسع في زراعة الأشجار وترشيد استخدام الطاقة .