Unit 4 3rd Year

Unit ( 4 )  " Writers and stories "

1- Vocabulary

competition ( enter-writing-sport)

منافسة

work as a / an  +  الوظيفة

يعمل كـ

old-fashioned ( clothes)

موضة قديمة

career ( long)

الحياة المهنية – فترة عمل طويلة

fashionable

مساير للموضة

race

سباق

fashion

الموضة

distinguished = outstanding

مميز - بارز

routine

روتين شخصى ( عمل ثابت دون تغيير )

give him experience

يعطى له خبرة

attachment

مرفق – شيئ مرفق ( مع الأيميل)

later

فيما بعد

midday ( at )

منتصف الليل

earthquake

زلزال

a publisher

ناشر ( كتب- مجلات – جرايد )

make a good novelist

يجعله روائى جيد

style (simple)( of writing)

أسلوب – نمط - طريقة

typical

نموزجى - مثالى

district ( of اسم مدينه )

حى فى مدينة

particular person

شخص خاص

law

قانون

a new product

منتج جديد

surgeon ( heart transplant)

جراح - عيادة

the usual way

الطريق العادى

develop ( new)

يطور - ينمى

continue to develop

يستمر فى تطوير

custom

عاده – عرف ( مجتمع – مجموعه من الناس)

period

فترة- مدة

establish (him)

يرفع من شأنه - يبنى لنفسه مكانه

believe in

يؤمن بـ

pioneer

رائد

average of

متوسط

fiction

أدب خيالى - قصص خياليه

insist on = persist in

يصر على

diplomat

دبلوماسى

behavior

سلوك -  تصرف

political reports

تقارير سياسيه

clerk

موظف حكومى

retire

يتقاعد على المعاش

massive

ضخم – هائل – كبير

literature ( English –Arabic )

الأدب

deliver to

يوصل – يسلم إلى

literate

أديب

pen-name (under)

اسم شهرة – اسم مستعار

Noble laureate

الحائز على جائزة نوبل

cut down

يخفض – يقلل – يقطع

v to be + awarded

منح

confusing

ارتباك

support

يساند - يؤيد

stylish

نمطى

graduated in (law)

تخرج فى ( القانون)

available for

متوفر لـ - متاح لـ - متداول لـ

expert on (in)

خبير فى

regarded as

يعتبر كـ

the power of education

قوه – سلطه التعليم

culture

الثقافه

respected position

مكانه محترمه

disabled people

المعوقين

available

متاح – متوفر – متداول

a strong believer in

مؤمن قوى بـ

short story writer

كاتب قصص قصيره

come out =  publish

ينشر – يوزع ( كتب)

v to be + made into a film

يتحول الى فيلم

2- Language Notes:

1- graduated from                          تخرج من            - He graduated from Cairo university.

- graduated in ( law)  تخرج في مادة كذا                      - He graduated in law and worked as a lawyer.

a graduate of               خريج ( جامعة – كلية ) - He is a graduate of Cairo University

2- abroad                                          بالخارج              - We went aboard the plane and took off.  

- aboard              على ظهر سفينة / مركب / طائرة - He worked as a diplomat and lived abroad.

3- routine روتين يومي (ما يفعله الشخص يومي)ا               - He gets up at 6, this is his daily routine.

- red tape روتين حكومى                            (                  - He couldn't do it due to the complex red tape.

4-habit(s)                عادة فردية (خاصة بشخص)  - His habit was to have breakfast at 7:30.

- customs    العرف – عادات مجتمع  (في مناسبة )            - It's Egyptians' custom to eat salted fish.

- traditions                  تقاليد متوارثة من الماضي            - Their traditions were very difficult.

5- competitionمنافسه ( القراءة– تجارة– العلم )             - I entered a competition of writing and won it.

- raceسباق ( سيارات – دراجات – جرى )                           - He joined a car race.

6- insist on = persist in + V +ing يُصر على            = decided to  مصدر/ that فعل+فاعل

= be + determined to مصدر  يعزم على / يصمم على      - He insisted on sending everything as an e-mail attachment.                                                              - He persisted in taking the book with him.

7- old-fashioned                                                     - His father is an old-fashioned man.

3- Some definitions

Competition             : a situation in which people or organisations compete with each other

old-fashioned          :not modern and not fashionable any more

routine (n)                 :the usual way in which you do things

midday                      :Twelve o'clock in the middle of the day.

attachment               :something you attach to/send with an e-mail

publisher                  :person or company that produces books, magazines, etc., and makes them

available for people to buy

custom                      :something that people do in a society because it is traditional

develop                     :to make a new product or idea successful (Note: transitive meaning here)

district                       :an area of a city or country

establish                   : to achieve or give someone a respected position in society or in an organisation

law                              :the system of rules that people in a country or place must obey

pioneer                      :one of the first people to do something that other people will continue to develop

style                           :a way of doing or making something that is typical of a particular person, group or period

a Early black and white pnotos show people in old-fashioned clothes.

b The Sun is at its strongest at midday

c I don't really have a routine during the holidays.

d MY friend and I are going to enter an athletics competition. We all hope to win something.

E I sent e-mail with two attachments.They were photos of my friends.

a I really enjoyed this book. It is written in a very simple style.

b Yehia Haqqi came from a poor district of Cairo.

c My brother wants to be a lawyer when he graduates, so he's studying law at university.

d Magdi Yacoub was one of the first heart transplant pioneers

e Scientists are paid to develop new medicines every year to help people.

f In my grandfather's village, they still follow the same traditional customs that he used to follow

when he was a boy.

4- Useful phrases, expressions and prepositions from unit ( 4 )

-  one of the pioneers of…                                    - As well as being +  صفه

-  an expert on ( in ) Arabic culture                      - a district of Cairo. 

-  He graduated in law                                            - he began his career as

-  established him as                                              - the greatest short story writers

-  he wrote a collection of short stories - was made into a film.

-  developed a new style of writing.                    - a very strong believer in

-  but is still thought of as the father                   - gave him experiences

5- functions : What you say when……………….

To express opinion:   للتعبير عن الرأي	Agreeing موافقة	Disagreeingعدم الموافقه
- As far as I'm concerned, ….. - In my opinion… /I think that…. - It seems to me that………..	- so do I . - I do , too.      – I agree.   - You are right	- I don't agree. - I am not sure. - I don't think so.

6- Grammar unit ( 4 )  A) 1- Past simple tense in active  الماضي البسيط" "

The past simple tenseزمن الماضى البسيط                                     

Formation :--يتكون الماضى البسيط من التصريف الثانى للفعل ونحصل عليه كما يلى:-      

1 – We add ‘d’ to regular verbs ending in ‘e’.                             invite ===è invited

2 – We add ‘ed’ to regular verbs that don’t end in ‘e’.               visit ==è visited

3 – Irregular verbs :---

    *No change =====è cut—cut ----cut

    *One change ===è   sleep --- slept-----slept

    *Tow changes ==è   give -----gave------given

ملحوظات مهمة :-

  Œإذا كان الفعل ينتهى بحرف ساكن مسبوق بحرف متحرك يضاعف الحرف الساكن عند إضافة (ed)

Stop  stopped                        beg   begged              

  إذا كان الفعل ينتهى بحرف ساكن مسبوق بحرفين متحركين لا يضاعف الحرف الساكن

rain   rained                           gain  gained                          greet   greeted.

  Žإذا كان الفعل ينتهى بـ (y) مسبوقة بحرف ساكن تحول إلى (I) ونضيف (ed)

study  studied                       marry  married           carry  carried.

  إذا كان الفعل ينتهى بـ (y)  مسبوقة بحرف متحرك يضاف  (ed) بلا تغيير

enjoy  enjoyed                      pray  prayed                          play  played     

الاستخدام :--   يعبر الماضى البسيط عن أحداث تمت فى الماضى وليس لها علاقة بالحاضر ويعبر عن عادة فى الماضى

- When I was young , I used to play football everyday.

- When I was young , I was in the habit of playing football everyday.

- I no longer  play football nowadays.

- No longer do I  play football nowadays.

الكلمات الدالة :--                                                                                

Yesterday                    - last……                 - …………ago                     - once = one day

- in the past                 - from…… to….      – in + سنة فى الماضى          - at + وقت ماضى

*نحول الماضى البسيط إلى المبنى للمجهول كما يلى:--                                                                          

*object + was / were + p.p.                                                   

He bought the car yesterday. ==========è The car was bought ( by him) yesterday.

فى حالة النفى -

-نضع  (didn’t)  قبل الفعل ويرجع الفعل إلى المصدر

- We watched many films on TV.=======è - We didn't watch many films on TV.

 فى حالة الاستفهام-

أداة إستفهام + did +  الفاعل + الفعل فى المصدر……….…?

He came here by bus. ======è How did he come here?

ملحوظة : إذا كانت الجملة تنتهى بـ (ago) يمكن استخدام

- He did the homework two hours ago .

How long ago = When + did +  الفاعل + الفعل فى المصدر……?

- The Past Continuous Tense

Formation :-                         (was / were) + V+ ing      
e.g.: He was studying the lesson.

Usage:  It expresses an action in progress at a time in the past.

يعبر الماضي المستمر عن حدث كان مستمراً فترة معينة في الماضي

I was playing the piano all the evening yesterday.

Between seven and half past seven this morning, I was having breakfast.

Key words:-

While - As - Just as – When - all – between / at...(time)…+ yesterday - but by then - couldn't / didn't ……because ……   

I could not go because I was studying.

While  قاعدة

*While / As  --------->   Past Continuous ---------à   Past Simple (حدث قطع الآخر)

e.g.: While I was studying the lesson, the light went out.
*While / As  --------->Past Continuous ------à Past Continuous (حدثان متزامنان)

e.g.: While I was studying the lesson, my sister was cooking some food.

ملحوظة مهمة:-  فى حالة عدم وجود الفاعل نستخدم ال (V+ing) فقط بدون أفعال مساعدة بعد while أو during

e.g.: While he was watching TV, the bell rang.

While watching TV, the bell rang.
During watching TV, the bell rang.          - During the match, he fell down and broke his leg.

- فى حالة المبنى للمجهول :-  +  was / were being  +P.P.       المفعول

I was playing the piano all the evening yesterday.

The piano was being played all the evening yesterday.

The past perfect tense           had + p.p.

يعبر الماضى التام عن حدث تم قبل حدث آخر فى الماضى أو تم قبل وقت معين فى الماضى

- I found the book which I had lost.

- I had done my task by 11 o’clock yesterday.

** She finished her work.                          Then, she went back home.

*Before /By the time + الحدث الثانى  +  الحدث الأول (ماضى تام)

Before /By the time she went back home, She had finished her work.

* Before going back home, She had finished her work.

*After / when / once /  as soon as / The moment +     الحدث الأول (ماضى تام)  +     الحدث الثانى

After she had finished her work, she went back home.

*After / when / once / On / In / Immediately at/on finishing her work, she went ……….

*Having + P.P. ………+   الحدث الثانى

Having finished her work, she went back home.

*الحدث الثانى منفى  + until / till + الحدث الأول (ماضى تام)

She didn’t go back home until / till She had finished her work.

*الحدث الثانى منفى  + without +  V+ing ( من الحدث الأول )

She didn’t go back home without finishing her work.

* فاعل الحدث الأول  + had + no sooner + P.P. …………. than + الحدث الثانى

- فاعل الحدث الأول  + had + hardly + P.P. …………. when + الحدث الثانى

- فاعل الحدث الأول  + had + scarcely + P.P. …………. when + الحدث الثانى

- She had no sooner finished her work than she went back home.

* No sooner +  had + فاعل الحدث الأول  +  P.P. …………. than + الحدث الثانى

- Hardly        +  had + فاعل الحدث الأول  +   P.P. …………. when + الحدث الثانى

-Scarcely     +  had + فاعل الحدث الأول  +  P.P. …………. when + الحدث الثانى

- No sooner had she finished her work than she went back home.

* It was only when +   الحدث الأول (ماضى تام)  +     الحدث الثانى

- It was only when she had finished her work, she went back home.

*It wasn’t until +   الحدث الأول (ماضى تام)  + that +     الحدث الثانى

- It wasn’t until she had finished her work that she went back home.

- She only went back home when / after she had finished her work.

ملحوظات مهمة :-

1- يمكن أن يأتي الفعلان مع الروابط  when, before ,after ,as soon as  في الماضي البسيط إذا حدثا معا

- When I arrived at the station , the train left , so I caught it.

2- ويعرف أن الفعل سيكون فى الماضى تام بـ  ( realized-found out – didn't meet- didn't see- missed)

 - When I went home, I realized that I had bought a wrong book .                             

 - When I arrived at the station, the train had left, so I missed it .

- فى حالة المبنى للمجهول :-  +  had been + P.P.         المفعول

- I had done my task by 11 o’clock yesterday. = My task had been done by 11 o’clock yesterday.

*The present Perfect Simple Tense

Formation:-                              have / has + p.p.

يعبر المضارع التام البسيط عن حدث بدأ فى الماضي ومازال مستمر حتى الآن أو انتهى قبل الآن بفترة بسيطة :-

He has been at school since seven in the morning.

He has just arrived. = He arrived a moment ago.

Key words:-                                                                                                                        الكلمات الدالة :--

- Already / just / ever / never   --------à وتأتى هذه الكلمات بين المساعد والرئيسى                                       

- lately / recently ---------à وتأتى هذه الكلمات بين المساعد والرئيسى أو فى نهاية الجملة                                       

-So far / up till now --------à وتأتى هذه الكلمات فى أول أو فى نهاية الجملة                                                       

-Over the years -------------à                                                        وتأتى هذه الكلمة فى أول أو فى نهاية الجملة

-Now that -------------à               وتأتى هذه الكلمة فى أول الجملة                                                              

- yet  -----------à    وتأتى هذه الكلمة فى نهاية الجملة المنفية أوفى نهاية السؤال                                                     

- since ---------à وتأتى هذه الكلمة فى أول الجملة أو وسط الجملة بعد الفعل الرئيسى ويأتى بعدها بداية الحدث فى الماضى    

- for  ---à وتأتى هذه الكلمة فى أول الجملة أو وسط الجملة بعد الفعل الرئيسى ويأتى بعدها مدة الحدث من الماضى حتى الآن

*since  قاعدة

1- تستخدم كأداة ربط

Since  à  past simple  à present perfect simple or continuous

present perfect simple or continuous à Since  à past simple

Since I was in Alex. 3 years ago, I haven’t seen him.

I haven’t seen him since I was at Alex. 3 years ago.

2- تستخدم كحرف جر

present perfect simple or continuous  à Since  à بداية الحدث

I haven’t seen him since3 years ago./ last…./ 1990 / May / Monday / 6 o’clock / yesterday / then 

*for  قاعدة

present perfect simple or continuous -------à for --------à    مدة الحدث

I haven’t seen him for 3 years. / a year / week /an (hour) /1-2- 3…/a long time /ages / many-several…… / the last…..( week / month / 2 years )

*The present Perfect Continuous Tense

Formation:-                               have been / has been + V+ing  

يعبر المضارع التام المستمر عن حدث بدأ فى الماضى وماذال مستمر حتى الآن ولم ينتهى بعد:-

She has been studying English since 1990.

= She hasn’t finished studying English yet. = She is still studying English now.

= She began studying English in 1990 / 10 years ago.

Key Words

(Since – for) + ( now / still / not / the last ( past) + مدة / never / How long /ومع  all + time وقت )

I have been waiting for you all morning. / She has been sleeping for the last three hours.  / We have been studying for three hours, we haven’t finished yet.

لاحظ طريقة تحويل الجمل الآتية بكل عناية :-

1.I haven't met him for a long time.

 It`s ( It has been ) + المدة  +  since  +  ماضى بسيط مثبت

- It's ( been ) a long time since I met him.                       - I met him a long time ago.

2.I  last  ate fish  when  I was in Alex.

فاعل  + مضارع تام منفى + since +  بداية الحدث  /  for +  مدة الحدث

- I haven't eaten fish since I was in Alex.                        - The last time I ate fish was when I was in Alex.

3. The last time he came to Egypt   was  in 1998.

فاعل  + مضارع تام منفى + since +  بداية الحدث  /  for +  مدة الحدث

- He hasn't come to Egypt since 1998.                 = He hasn't come to Egypt (for 11 years)                        

4. I have never seen you before.

It’s the first time  +الفاعل ( have / has) + ever + p.p      

- It’s the first time I have ever seen you.

5. I have never seen  such  an amazing bird.

الفاعل  + صفة التفضيل ( have /has) +ever +p.p

- It’s the most amazing bird I have ever seen.

6. She has been studying English since 1990.

= She  hasn’t finished  studying English yet.     ( yet )

 = She  is   still   studying  English now.                ( still )

= She  began / started  studying ( to study ) English in 1990 / 10 years ago.    ( ago )

She  has been studying English since 10 years ago.

7- He has been to Italy……. (  (هو ذهب إلى إيطاليا وعاد وهو الآن فى مصر

- He has gone to Italy……... (  (هو ذهب إلى إيطاليا ومازال هناك

= He has been in Italy……... (    (هو ذهب إلى إيطاليا وعاد وهو الآن فى مصر 

- فى حالة المبنى للمجهول :-  +  have been / has been  +P.P.       المفعول

- They have built the house. ====è        The house has been built.

ملحوظة :- الفرق بين المضارع التام والمضارع التام المستمر :                 

1-  هناك بعض الأفعال والتي تأخذ فترة طويلة عند الحدوث من الأفضل أن توضع في المضارع التام المستمر مثل

{travel – wait – work – live – sleep – stay} Ex I have been working for three years.

2-هناك بعض الأفعال تكون مدة حدوثها قصيرة من الأفضل أن توضع في المضارع التام مثل

{ start – finish – stop– begin – buy - join }   Ex He has joined this school since 2004.

3- إذا كان الفعل بعده عدد أو كمية يوضع في زمن المضارع التام       I have phoned you three times

4- أفعال الإدراك والحواس والشعور توضع في المضارع التام فقط

believe (think) – forget – hate – know – like – mean – prefer – seem – understand – love – see

Ex : I have known my friend for ten years now .     

7- Mini-exam on Unit (4)

1) What do you say when?

1.    Someone thinks that Egypt will win the world cup, you disagree.

2.    You give your opinion of your friend's car.

3.    You ask Mona her opinion about the mobile phone.

4.    Hana thinks that Egypt will host the world Cup you agree.

2) Say where these take place who the speakers are :

1-A: Have you seen Tarek ?

B: No, sir. He was at his desk on the phone a few minutes ago

A: Is not he there now?

B: No, may be he is gone home already.

A: He can not have gone home. He is preparing a report for me.

2-A: Is there anything I can do to help, miss Salma?

B: Could you give these books back to the class after break?

A: Yes, of course. Is that the homework we did last week?

B: Yes, that is right. your homework was very good.

3) Choose the correct answer

1.    Early black and white photos show people in (new-old-fashioned-stylish-modern) clothes

2.    The sun is at its strongest at ( night  – evening – morning – midday )

3.    My( routine – red tape – customs    – traditions) is to get up and walk.

4.    My friend and I are going to enter an athletics (competition– composition– recognition – supervision). We hope to win.

5.    The verb of the word " attachment " is ( attend – attack  – attract   – attach)

6.    He is a publisher his work is to( write– translate  – publish– public)stories and novels.

7.    It is not modern , it is( stylish– modern – new - fashioned – old-fashioned)

8.    To ( develop–divide– retire– involve)means to make a new product or idea successful.

9.    My sister( cleaned - was cleaning – cleaning - cleans) the room while I was making tea.

10. The first map(was drawn - drew-is drawn -draws) by El-idrissi.

11. She cut herself while(cook -cooked -was cooking -cooking)

12. What were you doing when I( phoned -was phoning-had phoned-would phone)you ?

13. He( play – played – was playing  – had played)the guitar, when I saw him.

14. It is ages since we ( have heard - had heard- heard - was hearing) some good news.

15. Have you done your homework( yet -so far -since -already)? That is too fast.

16. ( Because – While - If - Although) I was out shopping, I saw three of my friends.

17. They( ran–were running– had run – are running) out of the bank when he was caught.

18. The Pyramids were( building – built  – builds – build)by the ancient Egyptians.

19. While she was cooking , her sister( was doing – did  – does– had done)homework.

20. As he was carrying the vase, he( drops– dropped-had dropped-was dropping)it .

21. They( hadn't met-haven't met -didn't meet -won't me)since last year.

22. We( had  - have had - are having -were having) some difficulty recently with Maths.

23. I have written letters since I (travelled-will travel -have travelled–travel)to England

24. Shakespeare( has written –wrote - had written - was written) 37 plays.

25. The e-mails(have written-has written-have been written-has been written) by Ayman.

26. Don't tell him. He has( already-yet -since -recent) known.

27. Al Gamalya is a famous ( restrict, governorate, system, district ) of Cairo.

28. I really enjoyed that book , it is written in a very simple ( steel, stool, system, style).

29. My sister loves clothes and buys ( very old, traditional, fashionable, old-fashioned)dresses.

30. Yehia Haqqi studied ( law, medicine, engineering, art ) at university.

31. He won a prize for one of the ( pack, school, collect, collection) of his short stories

32. Haqqi spent most of his time working as a( lawyer – politician – writer – diplomat

33. As well as ( write– wrote – writes – writing) two books , he wrote short stories.

34. He is an expert ( with – on – that  – by) Arab culture.

35. He worked ( aboard – above – abroad – ashore) for more than 20 years.

36. His story , The post man , was ( make – made  – makes – making) into a film

37. He has a ( fixed – fixing– fax – mix) routine in writing.

38. She is a graduate ( in – from– of – off ) Oxford University

39. As ( long – soon – tall  - far ) as I am concerned , this is an interesting book.

40. When the telephone rang, they( watched - have watched- were watching - watch)the film

41. Hassan ( climbed- climbs- was climbing - will climb) the tree when he suddenly fell down.

42. They ( leave - left - were leaving - will leave) for England an hour ago.

43. On ( watch - watches- watched- watching) the film, Ali came.

44. They saw the fighting people while( were driving- drove- driving - drive) home.

45. He was born (in -since-at -for) 2005.

46. My brother( is going - will go -has gone  - has been) to Paris, he came back last week.

47. They haven't visited us( since –for - recently- already) the last two years.

48. Since I graduated, I (worked- had worked - have been working - will work)in a company.

49. He ( has been mending - has mended - will mend - mended) the bike for an hour but he hasn't finished yet.

50. I sent an e-mail with two ( attacks, attachments, attractions, e-mails). They were the photos of my son.

4- Find one mistake and correct it in every sentence: 

1- My sister loves clothes and buys very fashion dresses.

2- His first job was as a law.

3- A publish is someone who produces books, newspapers or magazines.

4- My parents gave me a collect of modern short stories for my birthday.

5- Yehia Haqqi was an important twentieth-century write

6- Hala had not seen the film yet.                         7- While was reading , the light turned off. .

8- No sooner he had reached the station than the train left..

9- Mona had learned English for seven years now.

10- His novel changed into a film.                                    11- The letter was posted after it had written .

12- Yehia Haqqi worked like a diplomat.             13- He developed a new style with writing.

14- Haqqi is thought as the father of modern short poems.

15- They insisted that going by bus.                    16- He graduated from medicine.

5- A: Translate into Arabic:

1- Haqqi is regarded as the father of the modern short story and novel in Egypt. He was one of the pioneers of modern literature because he developed a new style of writing.

2-Haqqi was awarded the Recognition Award in 1967. In 1968, he won first prize for his novel "The Postman" in which he portrays means of inculcating Egyptian values and principles. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by Al Minya University, Egypt.

B : Translate into English

1- تنشأ المكتبات العامة فى كل مكان لتشجيع أفراد الأسرة على القراءة (ث0ع 2005)

2- لقد أصبح متاحا لكل طالب اقتناء جهاز حاسب الي (ث0ع 2005)

3- تملك مصر العديد من الرواد في الأدب العربي مثل يحي حقي ، طه حسين وكذلك نجيب محفوظ .